European City in Comparative Perspective: Seventh International Conference on Urban History

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The discipline of ambition: norms and trajectories in the literary life of 18th century Copenhagen
Ingemann Parby, Jakob; Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Τμήμα Οικονομικής και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης (2008-03-03)
My paper will address some empirical observations of the significance of urban contacts and network-building for literary new-comers in Copenhagen apr. 1750-1800. This was a period characterized by changes in the public view of the writer, who was gradually seen more and more as an autonomous professional artist instead of a producer working within highly normative ideals and regulations. The period also saw great changes within the literary system itself, as – rather belatedly compared to the main cultural centres of Europe – new institutions like the Royal Theatre and The Society for the Improvement of the Fine Arts were established with support from the royal treasury in an effort to boost the kingdoms prestige at home and abroad. Further the period saw the establishment of an influential literary criticism as comparatively late as in the 1760’s. In 1750 Copenhagen was by far the most important economic, political, administrative and cultural centre in the kingdom of Denmark-Norway and after the establishment of the Royal Theatre in 1746 it also became the place to be for a young, prospective writer. Until around 1770-75 having a play staged in the Theatre or alternately having a work printed in the publications of the Society of Fine Arts, were about the only way to get recognition and reputation as a writer, leaving these institutions with heavy normative and disciplinary powers in the education of prospective authors. Most new authors initially applied to the norms of the institutions, but as time progressed many of them despaired in their attempt to match normative pressure and individual creativity, and some of them even succeeded in convincing the civil servants dominating the boards of the institutions that things had to chance. In this struggle for power within the literary field of the time (to use an expression coined by Pierre Bourdieu) the city as a space ideal for self-expression, for networking and caricature played a major role in the writers attempt to liberate themselves from what they perceived as the most ugly features of institutional control. Still most writers, even while pursuing strategies that could offer them some freedom from institutional domination, sought the reputation and status, that only institutional or elite recognition could confer upon them and thus had to position themselves carefully in their attitude to the market and city life in general. Drawing on a theoretical framework borrowed from the sociologist Norbert Elias I will use three case-studies of the writers Hans Bull, Johannes Ewald and Christen Pram to illustrate the complex reality faced by writers in an 18th century capital of Northern Europe and the width of trajectories followed in dealing with it. While the growing literary market offered an outlet for some elsewhere repressed poetical tendencies, it also signified new limitations and normative pressures to the writers alongside the institutional ones. Thus invoking an ambivalence that have at all times clinged to the image of the city as a place of creativity.
Creative scientific milieus: the European city ideal as a model for innovation processes
Hessler, Martina; Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Τμήμα Οικονομικής και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης (2008-02-29)
Cities have principally been regarded as the typical space of creativity and of new ideas. It is claimed that they offer the most appropriate setting for the pursuit of art, culture and scientific activity. This image depends on specific features that are ascribed to cities in general, namely their characteristics as a social space, as a space of interactions, of heterogeneity, of networks and plurality. Accordingly, over centuries, scientific institutions and universities were traditionally located within the city. However, a dramatic change can be observed in the second half of the 20th century. Since then, following the American model of the campus, whole “cities of science” have been situated on the outskirts of cities. The close interconnection of science and the city that existed for a long time was only seemingly suspended, however. Scientific institutes, universities and academies did indeed leave the city area for various reasons (growth, specialisation and increasing complexity of science, lack of space inside the city, adherence to Humboldt’s ideal of unity), but there has been a distinct trend towards organising science – at the gates of the city – after the city model. Particularly since the 1980s and 1990s the new guiding principles became urbanism, interaction, face-to-face communication, interchange and networking among scientists. Politicians and scientists tried to create new “creative milieus” in front of the city. Thereby, the European city ideal served as a role model for “cities of science”. Nevertheless, looking back over four decades of development, one is forced to conclude that these science cities lack essential elements of the city. This suburbanisation of science therefore resembles a process that reduces urbanism to a metaphor that directs action but does not, in fact, lead to the establishment of an urban milieu. Thus, the “creative scientific milieu” has become a concept that tries to copy certain features of the city in order to stimulate innovation processes, thereby being located at a certain distance from the “real city” - and, ultimately, without much success.The paper aims to analyse this trend by focusing on the case study of the city of Munich after 1945.
Local decision-making and siege warfare: the role of towns in organizing defence in a context of increased state control, the case of the Dutch Republic (1570-1675)
Vermeesch, Griet; Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Τμήμα Οικονομικής και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης (2008-02-27)
Two "Swedish" fortification towns and their population in the early 18th century
Kroll, Stefan; Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Τμήμα Οικονομικής και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης (2008-02-27)
Les fortifications de Paris: horizon du développement de la capitale et définition de la banlieue sous la monarchie de Juliet
Moret, Frédéric; Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Τμήμα Οικονομικής και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης (2008-02-27)
Early modern ideal city planning and military architecture: especially in Northern Europe
Kruger, Kersten; Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Τμήμα Οικονομικής και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης (2008-02-27)
The process of urbanisation experienced a slight upswing in early modern times, especially in northern Europe. Aside from the foundation of new towns, the modernisation of already existing towns was on the agenda. In this, political, economic, and military goals were connected in the framework of a new politics of power. Different from the towns of the Middle Ages that had grown slowly, now the conscious planning of the town after geometrical patterns that expressed the Renaissance striving for order, regularity, and discipline, moved into the centre of attention. Reverting to Vitruvius, from now on circle and square determined the planning of towns. Both were combined by Filarete to his ideal town Sforzinda. Dürer’s town (Vierungsstadt) corresponded with the square, Speckle’s radial town with the circle; for both realised foundations of towns can be named with Freudenstadt and Glückstadt, respectively. However, most newly founded towns predominately used a combination of both basic figures. The building blocks on the inside of the town were – following the square – arranged in a rectangle, the bastion-like ring of fortifications was circular. The optimal use of the area was the goal. This led to a symmetrical arrangement of the building blocks in a chequered pattern, to the standardisation of the sizes of the plots of land, and with this, the inhabitants’ needs. Embankments and bastions were constructed with compass and ruler and virtually forced on the natural terrain through extensive movement of soil. Through this, the Renaissance’s new image of the human being in the urban society gained a structural expression/form: order and discipline in an almost military formation. This ideal served as orientation in early modern town-planning, and was carried through in the new foundations that were still frequent in northern Europe, as well as in the town expansions and renewals of fortifications. The town-planners had to decide between radial town and squared. In their designs the tendency towards the radial town can be seen again and again. Its realisation however, failed, mostly because of the constraints of sensible land utilisation. The pattern of the modern town was shaped for centuries by the ideal town of the Renaissance. Interrupted by romantic ideals of an irregular town with crooked streets, represented by Camillo Sitte, the geometrical regularity was recognised again by the new functionalism of the 20th century. Most of the time people build their towns and cities after ideal conceptions. The continued existence of buildings in our towns and cities gives information about their change in the course of time.
Nothing but your walls: the Dutch states-general and the fortified town of Wesel (1629)
Cauwer, Peter De; Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Τμήμα Οικονομικής και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης (2008-02-26)
In August 1629, Dutch troops occupied the Spanish held town of Wesel by surprise. In the weeks following this event, the States-General and the local authorities negotiated their future positions towards each other. This paper examines how this process took shape during these crucial weeks. It looks at the interests of the Dutch government and the strategic issues at stake. What was the strategic value of the town and why was it so important for the States-General to maintain a garrison there? How did they try to cut down the heavy burden that went along with it, and how did they see the role of the local authorities? It was clear that the new masters needed the cooperation of the population, and this brings up the second main focus of this paper, the town of Wesel itself. Did the local council go along with the views of the States-General, and how did they regard the presence of the Dutch troops and the demands they made. This paper tries to make clear how the States-General tried to engage the town in their larger war effort, and how the local authorities responded to this attempts. Were they able to press through their viewpoints, or was there no room for manoeuvring? In the end, who gained from the negotiations?Without any doubt the States-General scored a remarkable success from a strategic and propagandistic point of view. The capture of Wesel enhanced their prestige across Europe and marked the beginning of the end of Spanish hegemony on the Lower Rhine. They managed to secure the stronghold during the first crucial weeks, but it seems unlikely that they were able to uphold their image of liberators of the Protestant town from Catholic oppression. They were more or less forced to impose new and sometimes heavy burdens on the townsfolk, while misbehaviour of Dutch soldiers did not win them much sympathy. The local authorities, for their part, gave proof of a good diplomatic judgement of the new situation and succeeded in prizing off some concessions, but they somehow failed in translating them into tangible results.
Nobility and the "public face" of London's sewerage system
Dobraszczyc, Paul (2008-02-26)
Spaces of resistance: power, ideologies and migrant grassroots organizing in the periphery of Lisbon
Beja Horta, Ana Paula; Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Τμήμα Οικονομικής και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης (2008-02-25)
The future of the past: a history book you can walk through
Toorn Vrijthoff, W. van der.; Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Τμήμα Οικονομικής και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης (2008-02-25)
The historic inner city: A collection of pieces of art from different periods;A collection preserved in different ways based on different opinions regarding authenticity;A collection mixed with lots of traces of renewal;A collection framed in a modified morphological structure;A random selection of history fragments;A piece of art, many times molested and patched up, making the search for theoriginal to an explorative expedition;Or? A highly interesting reflection of long term historic developments, a history book you can walk through with nothing else then the original. The actual historic inner city is a projection of creations and modifications over a long period of time. A history book that has a time scope longer than any other urban area that is part of the city that has its origin in the historic core.The historic inner city is modified by time. It is not possible to go back to the original. It is only possible to restore a fragment, which can be a single building, and make it look like the way it was at the beginning of its life cycle. It is also possible to replace a fragment by another fragment, a presentation of the present or a copy of a fragment rooted further back in the past.The interpretation of the actual situation is very much dependent on the concept of cultural heritage in relation with the concept of authenticity. In this paper both concepts are first discussed seperately, related to dominant opinions in the literature. After that the interaction between the concepts within the context of the historic inner city is looked upon. The paper ends up with the possible consequences for the balance between renewal and preservation of the components of the historic inner city of Europe.
Régie Vardar: a Jewish 'Garden City' in Thessaloniki (1917-1943).
Hadar, Gila; Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Τμήμα Οικονομικής και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης (2008-02-25)
The impact of the infrastructure on the urban shell of modern Piraeus
Malikouti, Stamatina G.; Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Τμήμα Οικονομικής και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης (2008-02-22)
The focus point of this paper is the relation of the infrastructure with the planning and urban transformation of Piraeus during 19th century –a relation which is decisive for its urban development and determinative of the urban structure legible until today.The infrastructure works in Piraeus -especially after 1860- were not dictated only by the local needs (e.g. road construction, drainage, water supply, etc.) and the maritime facilities, but also by the wider requirements of railway network in the national level. The urban tissue of the modern city, the planning of which was based on the functional model of a regional centre -the commercial satellite of the capital Athens-, was able to absorb the weights (including the pressure of the remarquable economic development, the population explosion and the social transformations) to some degree. The consequent re-appraisal of the planning principles called successive transformations of the urban structure until early 20th century. On the other hand, the failure of the land policy was the main reason of the lack of free space, available for public investments. As a result, the infrastructure installations and equipment were not the proceeds of a planning programme. Their impact on the urban shell can be observed in different sectors. By suggestion: The planning procedure, which follows the dictates of the decisions made by the different bodies involved -with the negative results of the overlapping responsibities. The land uses lay-out, which is transformed and aligned with the new needs. The real estate status in the wider maritime front of Piraeus. The compulsory separation of some quarters due to the new “limits”, e.g. of the industrial sector, with the consequent distinctions in the social level. The main points for discuss and comparison are the effects -both positive and negative- on the urban structure of similar centres within the framework of the circumstances of 19th century. The ulterior interesting side could be the drawing of a parallel between 19th century and the present. Which will be the impact of the recent olympic works on the area?
The role and different aspects of urban design in Athens urban growth
Bobolos, Nikos D.; Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Τμήμα Οικονομικής και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης (2008-02-22)
As the “founding capital” of the Greek independence, was the Greek classical heritage, the election of Athens as Capital-city was the first step of its planning; classical heritage was the major element, of its urban design which illustrated the national ideology, through the bipolar of “classical Greece and European progress”. Thus modern Athens became since then the “common place” between Greece and Western world. By this idea the distinction between illustrating and rational urban design, highlights its various aspects which are connected with different historical circumstances.In the historical phases of international economy’s rise, correlated with national political and cultural extroversion, reprocess of collectiveness and state power, prevalence of individualism and rise of capital (19th century, 1950-1963, today), the illustrating, urban design was achieved by impressive effectiveness. With either neo-classical, modern or post-modern style, accordingly time and place, highlighting the classical heritage as common cultural base, illustrating urban design has a major contribution to the formation of national identity and the leading of economic growth, becoming a consolidating and developmental tool of state and ruling class, to assemble the essential political and socio-economic components, with a dual target:a.To the abroad, expressing the bonds and the engagement of country with the West, creating simultaneously the conditions of attracting the investments and its representatives or carriers, seeking for the Greek Capital-city, a role in the international economy (as e.g. at the 19th century, via its connection by the abroad Greek entrepreneurs colonies or the after-war tourism-attraction policy). b.To Greece, combining accordingly different interrelated ideological, legitimising and developmental objectives: (a) the proliferation of the predominant national ideology (b) the propagation of the social values of dominant socio-economic components (c) the illustration of the -unfeasible in fact- modernisation and progress (d) the increase of the Athens’ attractiveness for the Greek working class, attempting a local condensation of progress and (e) the direction of development in special urban areas.In the historical phases of crisis, political and cultural introversion, rise of collectiveness and working class struggles (interwar, 1963-1990), the illustrating design receded, forasmuch as vanished the motives to increase the attractiveness of Athens, while were increased the attempts of urban space rationalisation that always failed, according to the semi-peripheral character of Greece.So, this paper should analyse the different aspects of the Athens’ planning and urban design, in the historical process of its urban growth from its foundation until today, aiming mainly to highlight the historical “constants” and the socio-economic actors guiding its illustrating design version. This question, takes today a major topical character, forasmuch as the last decade, a globalising geopolitical and geo-economic environment and a new phase of political, economic and cultural extroversion in Greece, is assembling unprecedented political and socio-economic bases, to achieve an illustrating urban design, of ideological (globalisation, multi-trans-culturalism), legitimising (modernisation, European convergence) and developmental (regional leading role opportunities, urban development) character, that aims to the transformation of Athens - that it is elected again as the “common place” between Greece and West - to a global city.
State, society and market in Preveza: historical time and historical centre in a small Greek town
Rentzos, Ioannis; Giannoulis, Nikos; Kallinikos, Jannis; Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Τμήμα Οικονομικής και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης (2008-02-22)
In its seven-hundred year life, the small town of Preveza, in western Greece, looks like a mainland islet on an imaginary borderline with no recognisable historic past. Even less than one out of ten Greek students correlate, for instance, the legendary 'Dance of Zalogo' to the Preveza region, as students, in their majority, transfer it to the more glorious Missolonghi. On the basis of that remark, our contribution to the Conference shall question on the kind of history small towns can have, its production by historians and its use. And in what degree, in the national framework and context, a small town, its name, its space and time constitute inalterable map references and material points with an objectively historical interest for their region.It is also discussed, with emphasis, whether, an arbitrary or specific spatial and temporal entity, the so called the town's 'historic centre', instead of offering elements for recognising Preveza's history, it distorts its past and produces new meanings and values, the most important being the ‘ones’ of luxury products and services in free time shops' space.In this contribution a reconstruction of Preveza’s historical past is attempted in order to produce a paradigm answering the questions, which were put at the beginning. A critical approach will permit us to see how the modern state institutions and the free market forces continuously shrink small-town’s space and time. Their interventions result in some new iconographies, recommend new behaviours, produce unreal memories and satisfy artificial needs. Our contribution refers to:(1) the particular geostrategical / geopolitical content of Preveza’s geographical point (bombardments just before June 6th 1945, the AWACS facilities, etc) connected to the remote past (Actium - 31 a. D., Battle of Preveza - 1538), the town’s political life as it is expressed through the institutionalised political conflicts and the existence of different national and ethnic groups of its population, with various degrees of human, civil and political rights, setting alone the overall isolationism caused by the Athenian centre; (2) the actual form and inherited structure of the town (port, military camps), as a result of town-plan conception and interventions of modernisation and/or de-historisation (disappearance of the mosques, filling in the moat around the town's core), erection of statues (commemorating ‘heroes’, politicians and intellectuals) and construction of monumental buildings (for churches but also for banks) along with the obvious elimination of public space and suppression of elementary cultural and aesthetic right or life in the city; (3) Preveza’s images as they are ideologically and geopolitically expressed through texts and discourses on Preveza’s past, street and public spaces names and diffusion of undercurrent economic information related to arrangements serving mainly the automobile domination and private interests in Preveza’s space.
Architectrural and urban development of Constantinople and the contribution of Greek-Orthodox community to the formation of city (1878-1908): the example of Kalfa Pericles D. Fotiadis
Tsilenis, Savvas E.; Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Τμήμα Οικονομικής και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης (2008-02-22)
During the second half of the 19th century Istanbul was characterized as the prominent multicultural and multireligious city, and this character of the city was strongly reflected on its physical structure. The Greek-Orthodox community was playing an important role in the trade and finance services, and the high education level of the community members determined their orientation as individual professionals, such as architects. The activity of them concerned not only the limited boundaries of the community but also the whole population of the city. The paper attempts conclusions to enlighten the contribution of the community to the formation of urban space, and draw future conclusions for the architectural “identities” that could characterize the cosmopolitan phenomenon. Further, this paper wishes to mention the written sources of this era in order to investigate the role of the press in shaping and promoting urban and architectural patterns.
Metropolis and periphery in James Boswell’s interpretation on politeness
Kekalainen, Markku; Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Τμήμα Οικονομικής και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης (2008-02-20)
Alexandropolis: an attempt of the second capital of the Russian Empire in 18th century?
Mikhalchenko, Sergey; Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Τμήμα Οικονομικής και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης (2008-02-20)
The Brussels music scene, 1740-1780: expression of an urban or a courtly-aristocratic culture?
Buyens, Koen; Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Τμήμα Οικονομικής και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης (2008-02-20)
bouring classes,…). Whereas the function of music in the prerevolutionary era had mainly consisted in reflecting and celebrating a God-given, and therefore stable order, music after 1789 became an instrument of social progress.
Who is provincial?: reciprocal influences in architectural culture between Vienna and the capital cities of the Habsburg Empire
Torello, Francesca; Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Τμήμα Οικονομικής και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης (2008-02-20)
Hellenic urban historiography in the newly-established State
Sapounaki-Dracaki, Lydia; Kotea, Marianthi; Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Τμήμα Οικονομικής και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης (2008-02-15)

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